The Genetics of Cancer
On this page
- Genetic mutations and cancer
- Hereditary cancer syndrome
- Genetic test results
- Clinical DNA sequencing
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Due to some changes in the cancer gene, the basic physical units of the heritage are arranged by chromosomes in the long stairs of particulate grained packaged DNA. Credit: Terese Winslow |
Cancer is a genetic disease - that is, due to some changes in the genes, there is cancer, which regulates the way our cells, especially how they grow and divide. These changes include mutations in DNA, Make them
Genetic changes that increase the risk of cancer can be inherited from our parents if the changes are present in germ cells, which are the reproduction cells of the body (eggs and sperm). Such changes, called germline changes, are found in every cell of the offspring.
Due to cancer, genetic changes can also be achieved during the lifetime of one, because errors are the result of which cells are in contact with the life or substance of a person, such as some chemicals in tobacco smoke, and radiation from sun UV rays, that damage DNA
The genetic changes that occur after the concept are called monsters (or acquisitions) changes that can occur at any time during a person's life. The number of cells in the body that take these types of changes depends on when changes occur in a person's lifetime.
In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes compared to normal cells. But there is a unique combination of genetic changes in each individual's cancer. Some of these changes may cause cancer, cause instead. As the cancer progresses, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, cancer cells can have different genetic changes.
Hereditary cancer syndrome
Hereditary genetic changes play a major role in approximately 5 to 10 percent of all cancers. Researchers have associated mutations with more than 50 genetic cancer syndromes in specific genes, which are disorders that can have greater effect on individuals to develop some cancers.
Genetic testing can tell that a person from a family who shows symptoms of such a syndrome is one of these changes. These tests can also show that members of the family without any obvious illness have mutated mutations associated with cancer as a mutation member. (For more information, see this overview of genetic testing for genetic cancer syndrome.)
Many experts suggest that genetic testing can be considered for cancer risk, when a person has a personal or family history that suggests the status of the risk of cancer in a heritage, as long as the results of the examination are adequate Can be interpreted in terms of (i.e., they can clearly tell that a particular genetic change is present or absent) and when the result is ace Provide information that will help guide the future of medical care a person.
Cancer, which is not due to inherited genetic mutations, can sometimes "walk in families." For example, shared environment or lifestyle, such as the use of tobacco, can cause the same cancer to develop among family members. However, some patterns in a family-such as the type of cancer, the development of other non-cancerous conditions, and the age at which cancer develops-could suggest the presence of genetic cancer syndrome.
Even if there is a pre-cancerous mutation in a family, then every person who has mutated will not have to develop cancer. Many factors affect the outcome of a given person with mutation, including patterns of succession of cancer syndrome.
These are examples of genes that can play a role in hereditary cancer syndrome.
- The most mutated gene in all cancers is TP53, which produces the protein that suppresses tumor growth. Apart from this, mutation of the germline in this gene can lead to Li-Fermani syndrome, a rare, heritable disorder that leads to a higher risk of developing some cancers.
- The mutated mutation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, which is a disorder due to the increase in the life of breast and ovarian cancer in women. Many other cancers are associated with this syndrome, including pancreatic and prostate cancer, as well as male breast cancer.
- Another genome that produces tumor suppressor protein is PTEN. Mutations in this gene are related to Cowden syndrome, a legacy disorder that increases the risk of breast, thyroid, endometrial and other types of cancer.
For more genes, see genetic testing for genetic cancer syndrome, you can play a role in genetic cancer syndrome.
Genetic test results
Genetic testing is usually requested by a person's physician or other health care provider. Genetic counseling can help people to consider the risks, benefits and limitations of genetic testing in their special circumstances.
The results of genetic testing can be positive, negative, or uncertain. A genetic counselor, physician or other health care professional trained in genetics can help an individual or family understand their test results. These professionals can also help explain accidental findings that can produce a test, such as a genetic risk factor for an illness, which is not related to the administration of the test. And they can clarify the implications of the test results for other family members.
The results of the medical test usually include a person's medical record, especially if a physician or other health care provider has ordered a test or has consulted about the outcome of the test, therefore, those who consider genetic testing People should understand that their results can be known to other people or organizations, who have their medical records, such as There is legal, legal access to a new insurance company or employer, if their employer provides patient health insurance as a benefit
However, there are legal protections to prevent genetic discrimination. Genetic information is a federal law of the Defamatory Act 2008, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of genetic information in determining the eligibility or rate of health insurance and the suitability of employment. In addition, because the genetic information of a person is considered health information, it is covered by the Privacy Rules of the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.
Clinical DNA sequencing
Recently, the most genetic test for cancer, the individual heir is focused on testing for mutation. But the more efficient and inexpensive DNA sequencing techniques have become the achievement of an individual's entire genome, or the DNA of a person's tumor is becoming more common.
Clinical DNA sequencing can be useful in detecting several genetic mutations at one time. Several gene panel tests aimed at several genetic mutations or physical mutations at the same time. These panels can include different genes and can be tailored to the individual tumor type. Data for the analysis of targeted gene panels is limited and only contains known genes which make interpretation more broader than broader perspectives that evaluate the entire genome (or tumor genome) or its critical parts. Many gene panel tests are becoming more common in genetic testing for genetic cancer syndrome.
Tumor sectioning can detect the physical mutation, which can lead to the development of specific cancers. It can also help doctors who can do the best work against a particular tumor. For example, patients with lung tumors who monkey some mutations can benefit from medicines targeting those special changes.
Testing tumor DNA can reveal a mutation that has not been previously found in the tumor type. But if that mutation is seen in another tumor type and a targeted therapy has been developed for the change, the treatment may also be effective in the "new" tumor type.
Tumor sequencing can also identify geranium mutations. Actually, in some cases, genetic testing of tumors has shown that a patient's cancer can be linked to a genetic cancer syndrome, which the family did not know about.
With the testing of specific mutations in genetic cancer syndrome, clinical DNA sequencing means that patients should consider. For example, they can learn about the presence of incidental germline mutations that may occur in other diseases, members of them or their family.
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