There are two adrenal glands. The adrenal gland is small, shaped like a triangle. One adrenal gland sits on each kidney. Each adrenal gland has two parts. The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex. The adrenal gland is the adrenal medulla. Adrenal cortical cancer is also called adrenal cortex cancer.
Childhood adrenocortical carcinoma is the most common in patients under the age of 6 or under 10, often in females.
The adrenal cortex makes important hormones such as:
- We will balance water and salt in the body.
- It helps maintain blood pressure properly.
- Controls the use of body proteins, fats, carbohydrates.
- The body has male or female characteristics.
Risk factors, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic and staging examination
The risk of adrenocortical cancer is increased by having mutations (changes) in either the gene or the following syndromes:
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
- Hypertrophy
Tumors of the adrenal cortex may function (make more hormones than normal) or do not function (do not make extra hormones). Most tumors of adrenal cortex in children are functional tumors. Extra hormones made by functioning tumors cause specific signs or symptoms of disease, which depend on the type of hormone made by the tumor. For example, extra androgen hormones can develop male characteristics such as body hair or voice to both male and female children, grow faster and cause acne. Extra estrogen hormones can cause the growth of breast tissue in male children. (For details of signs and symptoms of adrenal cortical cancer see the PDQ summary on Adult Adrenocortical Cancer Treatment).
The tests and treatments used for diagnosis and progression of adrenal cortical cancer depend on the symptoms of the patient. They may include the following:
- Physical examination and history.
- Blood chemistry research.
- X-ray of chest, abdomen, bone.
- CT scan.
- MRI.
- PET scan.
- Biopsy (mass is removed during surgery and then examined for signs of cancer).
For a description of these tests and procedures, see the General Information section.
Other tests used to diagnose adrenal cortical cancer include the following:
24 hour urine test: a test in which urine is collected for 24 hours and the amount of cortisol or 17-ketosteroid is measured. An amount higher than the normal amount of these substances in urine can be a sign of disease in the adrenal cortex.
Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: a study in which one or more small doses of dexamethasone are administered. Levels of cortisol are checked from blood samples or urine collected for 3 days. We will do this to see if the adrenal glands produce excessive cortisol.
High dose dexamethasone suppression test: a study in which dexamethasone is administered at a high dose one or more times. Levels of cortisol are checked from blood samples or urine collected for 3 days. This test is done to see if the adrenal glands are producing excessive cortisol or that the pituitary secretes excessive cortisol in the adrenal glands.
Blood hormone study: a procedure to check a blood sample to determine the amount of a particular hormone released into the blood from organs and tissues in the body. An abnormal (usually higher or lower) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in an organ or tissue that brings about it. Blood can be tested for testosterone or estrogen. An amount greater than the normal amount of these hormones may be a sign of adrenocortical cancer.
Adrenal angiogram: a procedure for viewing the arterial and blood flow near the adrenal glands. A contrast medium is injected into the adrenal artery. As the dye moves through the blood vessel, a series of X-rays examines whether the artery is blocked.
Adrenal venography: procedures for viewing the adrenal glands and blood flow near the adrenal glands. A contrast medium is injected into the adrenal gland. As the contrast agent moves through the vein, a series of X-rays are taken to see if the vein is occluded. Insert a catheter (a very thin tube) into a vein, collect a blood sample and check for abnormal hormone levels.
Prognosis
Prognosis (probability of recovery) is suitable for patients with small tumors completely resected by surgery. For other patients, the prognosis depends on:
- The age of the child.
- Size of the tumor.
- Whether the child developed masculine characteristics.
- Whether the coating around the tumor was opened during surgery to remove the tumor.
These tumors may spread to the kidneys, lungs, bones, and the brain.
Processing
Treatment of adrenal cortical cancer in children includes the following:
Surgery to resect the tumor with or without chemotherapy.
See the PDQ summary on Adult Adrenocortical Cancer Treatment for details.
Stomach (cancer) cancer
Gastric cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are formed in the inner layer of the stomach. The stomach is a J-shaped organ in the upper abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal system that helps treat and release nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water) contained in foods to the outside of the body. Food moves from the throat to the stomach through a tube of a hollow muscle called the esophagus. When you leave your stomach, partially digested food enters the small intestine and enters the large intestine.
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The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (gastrointestinal) system.
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The risk of gastric cancer is increased by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria found in the stomach.
Symptoms and symptoms
Many patients have anemia (less than the normal number of erythrocytes), but there are no signs or symptoms before spreading the cancer. Gastric cancer can cause either of the following signs and symptoms: Please check with your child's doctor whether your child has one of the following:
- Stomach pain.
- Lack of appetite.
- Weight loss due to why nothing is known.
- nausea.
- vomiting.
- Constipation or diarrhea
- weakness.
Other symptoms that are not gastric can cause these same signs and symptoms.
Diagnostic test and staging test
Tests for diagnosing and staging gastric cancer include the following:
- Physical examination and history.
- Abdominal X - ray.
- Blood chemistry research.
- CT scan.
- biopsy.
For a description of these tests and procedures, see the General Information section.
Other tests used to diagnose gastric cancer include the following:
Upper endoscope: Procedure to examine the abnormal area by examining the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). The endoscope passes through the mouth and passes the throat through the esophagus. The endoscope is a thin tube-like instrument and can see the light and the lens. There may also be tools under the microscope to remove tissue or lymph node samples to check for signs of disease.
Barium swallowing: a series of x-rays of esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks liquid containing barium (silver white metal compound). Liquid covers the esophagus and stomach and X-rays are taken. This procedure is also called the top GI series.
Complete hemocyte count (CBC): Procedure to take a blood sample and perform the following inspection.
- Number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
- Amount of hemoglobin (protein carrying oxygen) in erythrocytes.
- Part of the blood sample consisting of erythrocytes.
Prognosis
Prognosis (opportunity for recovery) depends on whether cancer is spreading during diagnosis.
Processing
The treatment of gastric cancer in children includes the following:
- Surgery to remove healthy tissue around the cancer and its surroundings.
- Surgery to remove as much cancer as possible, followed by radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy.
- For details, refer to the PDQ summary on adult stomach cancer treatment.
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are located in pancreatic tissues. The pancreas is a pear-shaped gland about 6 inches. The wide end of the pancreas, the central part of the body is called is called, the tight end. Many different types of tumors can be established in the pancreas. Some tumors are benign (not cancer).
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| Anatomy of the pancreas. The pancreas has three areas: the head, the torso and the tail. It is found in the abdomen near the abdomen, the intestine, and other organs. |
There are two main jobs in the body of the pancreas:
- These juices are secreted in the small intestine, which help in the preparation of juice.
- These hormones are secreted in blood to form hormones that help control the sugar and salt levels in the blood.
There are four types of pancreatic cancer in children:
Pancreatic congestive tumor of the pancreas is the most common type of pancreatic tumor, it affects both teenagers and young adults of the highest age group of tumors, both of which are cell-like and concrete. Pancreatic congestive tumors of the pancreas are not likely to spread in other parts of the body and prognosis is very good.
Pancreatoblastoma It usually occurs in children under 10 years of age or less, with children with Beckwith-Wiedeman's syndrome and family adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome have increased the risk of developing penicibilablastoma. These tumors can make adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACH) and antidiurectic hormone (ADH). Pancetioblastoma can spread to the liver, lung, and lymph nodes. Diagnosis of disease for children with pancreabblomostoma is good.
Islet Cell Tumors These tumors are not common in children and can be benign or malignant. Islet cell tumors can occur in children with many endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. The most common type of islet cell tumor is insulinoma and gastrinoma. These tumors can make hormones, such as insulin and gastrin, which can lead to symptoms and symptoms.
Pancreatic carcinoma is very rare in pancreatic carcinoma children. There are two types of pancreatic carcinoma: Acetyl cell carcinoma and Ductal adenocarcinoma.
Signs and symptoms
In children, some pancreatic tumors do not hide hormones and do not have signs and symptoms of the disease. This makes it difficult to diagnose pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic tumors that wrap the hormones, can cause symptoms and symptoms. Symptoms and symptoms depend on the type of hormone.
If the tumor secretes insulin, there may be signs and symptoms that include:
- low blood sugar. From this, you can feel blurred vision, headache, and light, tired, weak, unstable, nervous, irritable, sweaty, confused or hungry.
- Change in behavior
- Seizure
- Coma.
If the tumor secretes gastrines, there may be signs and symptoms that include
- Stomach ulcers which keep coming back
- Pain in the stomach, which can spread on the back, can cause pain and it can go away after carrying an antacid.
- Flow of stomach contents back into the esophagus (gastroosophageal reflux)
- Diarrhea
Due to other types of hormones that cause tumors, symptoms and symptoms may include:
- watery diarrhea.
- Dehydration (feeling thirsty, less urine, dry skin and mouth, headache, dizziness, or fatigue)
- Lower sodium (salt) levels (delusions, sleep, muscle weakness, and seizures) in the blood.
- Weight loss or gain for a known cause
- Round faces and thin hands and feet
- Feeling very tired and weak
- high blood pressure.
- Purple or pink stretch marks on the skin.
If the cancer is in the head of the pancreas, the water vessel or blood flow in the stomach can be blocked and the following symptoms can be:
- Jaundice (yellow skin of eyes and white)
- Blood in stool or vomiting
If you see any of these problems in your child, then check with your child's doctor. Other conditions which are not pancreatic cancer can be the cause of these symptoms and symptoms.
Clinical and Staging Tests
Test for diagnosis and condition of pancreatic cancer may include:
- Physical examination and history
- chest X-ray
- CT scan.
- MRI
- pet scan.
- Biopsy
See general information section for details of these tests and procedures
Other tests used to diagnose pancreatic cancer include:
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): an endoscope, which is a process usually through the mouth or rectum, is inserted into the body. A lens for viewing device and a thin, tube with endoscope light. At the end of the endoscope, a probe is used for high-energy sound waves to bounce off internal tissues or organs and apos (ultrasound). Echoes, a picture of body tissues called a sonogram This process is also called endoscience.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangioparagrastrophy (ERCP): A procedure used in X-rays is tubules that carry the liver from the liver to the hives of the bile and from the top of the bile to the small intestine. Sometimes the cause of pancreatic cancer causes these ducts narrow and block or slow down the flow of the bile, which causes jaundice. An endoscope (a thin, light tube) is passed in the first part of the small intestine with mouth, esophagus and stomach. A catheter (a small tube) is then inserted through the endoscope in the pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected into the tubes through the catheter and the x-ray is taken. If the ducts are blocked by a tumor, then a good tube can be inserted in the duct to block it. This tube, which is called a stent, can be left in place to keep the canal open. Tissue samples can also be taken under a microscope for cancer symptoms.
Smemetostatin receptor scantigraphy: A type of radionuclide scan is used to find pancreatic tumors. A very small amount of radioactive octroitide (a hormone which connects carcinoid tumors) is injected into the vein and travels through blood flow. Radioactive connects the octorotic tumor and a special camera that detects where radioactivity is used in the body from where the tumor is used. This process is used to diagnose islet cell tumors.
Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure to look for organs inside the stomach to check the symptoms of stomach. The small incisions (cuts) are made in the stomach wall and a laparoscope (a thin, illuminated tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. For the symptoms of diseases, to remove the organs under the microscope or to take the tissue samples, to run the processes, to insert other equipment through other or other incisions.
Laparotami: A surgical procedure in which an incision (cut) is made in the stomach wall, which can be examined inside the stomach for symptoms of the disease. The size of the incision depends on the reason why it is being leopardized. Sometimes the organs are removed or the tissue samples for the symptoms of the disease are taken under a microscope.
Treatment
Treatment of congenital congenital tumors of the pancreas in children can include:
- Surgery for Tumor Removal
- Chemotherapy for tumors which can not be removed by surgery or can spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment of pancreatioblastoma in children may include:
- Surgery to remove tumor may be a strange process for the tumor in the head of the pancreas
- Chemotherapy can be given to reduce tumors before surgery, more chemotherapy after surgery, for more tumor, tumors, which can not be removed from surgery, and tumors that have spread to other parts of the body. May be.
- Chemotherapy can be given if the tumor does not respond to treatment or comes back
In the treatment of islet cell tumors in children, medication may include hormones and medicines for the following reasons:
- Surgery for Tumor Removal
- Chemotherapy and targeted therapy for tumors which can not be removed by surgery or which have spread to other parts of the body
For more information on pancreatic tumors, see the treatment for adult pancreatic cancer and the PDQ summary on adult pancreatic neuronDocorin tumor (islet cell tumor).
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a disease in which the fatal (cancerous) cells are in colon tissues or rectum, the colon is part of the digestive system of the body. The digestive system removes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water) from foods and processes and helps in the removal of waste material outside the body. The digestive system is made up of the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. The colon (the large intestine) is the first part of the large intestine and is about 5 feet long. Together, the rectum and rectal canal form the last part of the large intestine and are 6-8 inches long, the anal canal (opening of the large intestine outside the body) on the anus.
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| Showing anatomy, colon and other organs of less digestive tract |
Risk Factors, Symptoms and Symptoms, and Clinical and Staging Tests
Childhood colorectal cancer may be part of a inherited syndrome. Some colorectal cancer is associated with a gene mutation in youth, which causes polyves (an increase in mucous membranes which is the colon line) which can later turn into cancer.
The risk of colorectal cancer increases with some inherited conditions, such as:
- Victim familial adenomatosis polyposis
- Familyial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
- Lynch syndrome
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- MYH-related polyposis
- Turkic syndrome
- Cowden syndrome
- Teen polyps syndrome
- Peugeot-liver syndrome
Those who are distributed among children who do not have inherited syndrome are not related to the risk of cancer.
Symptoms and symptoms of childhood coloretatal cancer usually depend on the forms of tumor. Colorectal cancer may be due to any of the following symptoms and symptoms: If your child has any of the following, contact your child's doctor.
Tumor of the rectum or lower colon may cause pain in stomach, constipation or diarrhea.
On the left side of the body, the colon may have a tumor:
A lump in the stomach
Weight loss for any known cause
nausea and vomiting.
loss of appetite.
Blood in the stool
Anemia (feeling tired, dizziness, fast or irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath, yellow skin)
Other conditions which are not colorectal cancers can be the reason for these symptoms and symptoms.
Tests for diagnosis and stage colorectal cancer may include:
Physical examination and history
chest X-ray
CT scan of chest, stomach and pelvic
pet scan.
MRI
bone scan.
Biopsy
Other tests used for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer include the following:
Colonoscopy: A process of viewing inside the rectum and colon to polyps, abnormal areas, or cancer. A colonoscope is placed through the rectum in the colon. A colonization is a thin, light like a tube and a lens for viewing. There may also be a tool to remove the clumps or tissue samples, which are checked under the microscope for cancer symptoms.
Barium enema: A series of X-rays in the lower gastrointestinal tract. A fluid in which barium (a silver-white metal compound) is inserted into the rectum, barium coats take low gastrointestinal tract and X-rays. This process is also called a lower GI series.
Falcel Maptit Blood Test: A test to check the stool (solid waste) for blood, which can be seen only with the microscope, small samples of stool are kept on special card and come back to the doctor or lab for testing .
Full Blood Count (CBC): A process in which a sample of blood has been prepared and checked for:
Number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Hemoglobin (protein which takes oxygen) in red blood cells
Part of blood sample made of red blood cells
Kidney Function Test: A test that examines blood or urine samples for some amount of urine released by the urine. The normal amount of a substance can be more or less than one sign that the kidneys should do the same way, they are not working. It is also called a kidney function test.
Liver function test: A blood test to measure blood levels of some substances released by the liver. A high or low level of some substances can be a sign of liver disease.
Carcinombrionic Antigen (CEA) Assay: A test that measures the CEA level in the blood, the CEA is left in the blood from both cancer cells and normal cells. When found more than the normal amount, it may be indicative of colorectal cancer or other conditions
Diagnosis of disease
Diagnosis of disease (probability of recovery) depends on:
Whether the whole tumor was removed from surgery or not
Does the cancer spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes, liver, pelvis, or ovary
treatment
Treatment for colorectal cancer in children may include:
Surgery to remove the tumor when it has not spread.
Radiation therapy and cammothery for tumors in the lower abdomen or lower abdomen
Combination chemotherapy
It can be treated with children with some family colorectal cancer syndrome:
Surgery to remove the colon before the forms of cancer.
The drug to decrease the number of particles in the colon.
For more information about adult cancer see the following PDQ summary:
- Colon cancer treatment
- Rectal cancer treatment
- Neurouondroclin tumor (carcinoid tumor)
Neuroendocrine tumors (including carcinoid tumors) are usually in the belly or intestinal lining, but they can be made in other organs such as pancreatitis, lungs, or liver. These tumors are usually small, growing slowly, and benign (not cancerous). Some neurondroclin tumors are deadly (cancer) and spread to other places in the body. Occasionally in children, the neurorendrocrine tumor supplements (a sac that sticks to the first part of the large intestine near the end of the small intestine) occur. Tumors are often found during the surgery to remove the addendum.
For information about bronchial carcinoid tumors, see the Bronchial Tumor section of this summary.
Signs and symptoms
Some neuronocrin releases tumor hormones and other substances. If the tumor is in the liver, then high levels of these hormones can remain in the body and can cause a group of symptoms and symptoms called carcinoid syndrome. Due to the hormone somatostatin, carcinid syndrome can cause any of the following symptoms and symptoms. If your child has any of the following, contact your child's doctor.
Craving and feeling a hot in the face and neck
A fast heartbeat
Difficulty breathing.
Sudden drop in blood pressure (discomfort, confusion, weakness, dizziness, and yellowish, calm and sticky skin)
Diarrhea
Other conditions which are not neuroendrequire tumors can cause these symptoms and symptoms.
Clinical and Staging Tests
The test that tests the symptoms of cancer is used to diagnose and phase the nirundroquire tumor. This may include:
Physical examination and history
Blood chemistry studies
See general information section for details of these tests and procedures
Other tests used to diagnose neuroendocrine tumors include the following:
Full Blood Count (CBC): A process in which a sample of blood has been prepared and checked for:
Number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Hemoglobin (protein which takes oxygen) in red blood cells
Part of blood sample made of red blood cells
Twenty-four-hour urine test: A test in which urine is collected for measuring the amount of some substances for 24 hours, such as hormones. Abnormal (more or less than normal) of the substance may be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue, which makes it a sample of urine to check whether there is carcinoma hormone made by the tumor. This test is used to diagnose cancerous syndrome.
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A type of radionuclide scan that can be used to find tumors. A very small amount of radioactive octroitide (a hormone that connects the tumor) is injected into the vein and travels through the blood. Radioactive connects the octorotic tumor and a special camera that detects where radioactivity is used in the body from where the tumor occurs. This process is also called octreoid scan and SRS.
Diagnosis of disease
Diagnosis for neurorendocrin tumors in the supplement in children after surgery for removal of tumors is usually excellent. Neuroendocrine tumors that are not in the supplement are usually large or spread on other parts of the body during diagnosis and do not respond well to chemotherapy. There is a possibility of a larger tumor repetition (coming back).
treatment
Treatment for neurorendocrin tumors in children in the appendix may include:
Surgery to remove the addendum, when the tumor is small and occurs only in the appendix
Surgery to remove an appendix, lymph nodes, and part of the large intestine, when the tumor is large, it spreads in the lymph nodes, and is in the appendix.
Treatment for neurorendocrin tumors that have spread to the large intestine, pancreas, or stomach is similar to the treatment of adult high-grade neurorendroclin tumors.
See PDQ summary on adult gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor treatment for more information.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST) usually starts in cells in the stomach or intestinal wall. GISTs may be benign (not cancerous) or fatal (cancer) Childhood gifts are more common in girls, and usually appear in adolescents.
Risk Factors and Symptoms and Symptoms
GIST in children is not the same as GIST in adults. Patients should be seen in the centers which are experts in the treatment of GSTS and tumors should be tested for genetic changes. Small children have tumor with genetic changes found in small patients of adults. Risk of GIST increases with the following genetic disorders:
Carney trio
Carnie-Stratkise syndrome
Most children with GIST have stomach tumors and develop anemia due to bleeding. Symptoms and symptoms of anemia include:
feeling tired.
dizziness.
A fast or irregular heartbeat
Shortness of breath
pale skin.
A gastric or intestinal obstruction in the stomach (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and swelling of the stomach) are also signs of GIST.
Other conditions that do not cause anemia due to GIST can be similar symptoms and symptoms.
treatment
Treatment for children with tumor-containing genetic changes found in adult patients targets a treatment with a terorogenic keynes inhibitor.
Treatment for children whose tumors do not show genetic changes may include:
Surgery to remove tumor for cancer symptoms and to check nearby lymph nodes. If the cancer is in lymph nodes, lymph nodes are removed.
Waiting alert for tumors that come back or can not be removed in one place, but do not cause signs or symptoms.
Targeted therapy with trisin-keynes inhibitor
The new test costs less than 50 pounds, can predict which patients are likely to respond to new targeted drugs and who can better cope with alternative therapies.
